1)Difference between C and C++?
|
a) C
is STRUCTURAL language and C++ is PROCEDURAL and
OBJECT-ORIENTED. b) In
the case of C, Importance is given to the steps (or) procedure of
the program while C++ focuses on the data rather than the process. c) In the case of C, the data is not
secured while the data secured is in C++. d) C is a FUNCTION-DRIVEN while C++ is
OBJECT DRIVEN.FUNCTIONS are the building
blocks of a C program while OBJECTS are building of a
C++ program. e) In C++ Mapping between data &
function is possible through objects but in C, it is difficult. f) C++ follows STRICT type check while C
does not. g) C++ supports FUNCTION OVERLOADING while
C does not. h) We can use FUNCTIONS inside Structures
in C++ but not in C. i)
The NAMESPACE feature in C++ is absent in the case of C. j) C++ allows the use of REFERENCE
VARIABLES while C does not. k) In C++ NEW and DELETE operators are used
for Dynamic memory allocation. In C,
Library functions are used to allocate DMA. l)INHERITANCE is the most powerful feature
in C++ but not in C. m)C++ supports EXCEPTION HANDLING while C
does not. n)C++ supports TEMPLATES while C does not. |
2)Difference between Printf & Scanf over cout & cin?
|
a) Printf
and Scanf is Library functions but cout and cin are objects. b)
Printf and Scanf do need format specifier, cout and cin don't require format specifier. c)Printf
and Scanf doesn't support user-defined variables directly to print and scan the data members but cout and cin support user-defined variables directly to scan and print the data members with the help of operator overloading. |
3)Difference between Reference and Pointer?
|
a) The pointer will get separate memory. The reference will not get separate memory. b) The pointer may (or) may not be
Initialized The
reference variable must be Initialized. c) Its lifetime pointer can point to any variable. Its lifetime Reference variable can refer to
only one variable. d) Null Pointer possible. Null Reference not possible. e) Pointer Explicitly will get Dereferenced. Reference
Implicitly will get Dereference. f) Pointer to Pointer Possible. Reference
to Reference not possible. g) An array of Pointers is Possible. An
array of references not possible |
4)Difference between Macro and Inline Function?
|
a)
Macro is a Single Instruction which is replaced with Multiple Instructions. A function call is replaced with Definition. b)
It is always defined at the start of the
program. It
can be defined inside (or) outside the class. c)
It evaluates the argument each time it is
used in the code. It
evaluates the argument only once. d)
Macro is a Mandatory statement. It
is requesting the compiler If possible replace otherwise No. e)
Macros are expanded by the preprocessor. Inline
Functions are parsed by the Translator. |
5)Difference between Malloc and New?
|
a)
Malloc is a Function. New is an Operator. b)
Malloc needs the size of operator New doesn't require the size of
operator. c)
Memory Initialization Not Possible Memory Initialization Possible. d)
On success, malloc function returns a void
pointer On success, the new operator returns
the exact pointer type. e)
On Failure, malloc returns Zero. On Failure new throw an Exception. f)
It needs typecasting. The new operator doesn't need (or)
required typecasting g)
Malloc function overloading not possible New operator overloading possible. h)
Up on Object creation, the malloc function
doesn't call the constructor. Up on Object creation, the new operator
does call the constructor. |
6)Difference between Delete and Free?
|
a)
Free is a function Delete is an operator. b)
Free Function Overloading Not Possible. Delete
Operator Overloading possible. c)
Free Function doesn't call destructor upon
object destroying The delete operator does call destructor up on object destroying. |
7)Difference between the Member Function and Friend Function?
|
a)
The member function belongs to the same
class. Friend
function does not belong to the same class. b)
The member function will have this pointer. The
friend function doesn't have this pointer. c)
The member function must call through an
object. A
friend function can Invoke directly. d)
A member function can access the data
member without
an object. A
friend's function can access the data members of
a class through the object. e)
The scope of a member function is limited
to the same class. A
friend's function is limited to n number of classes. |
8)Difference between Constructor and Member function?
|
a)
The constructor's name is having the same
name as the class name. A member function can have any legal
Identifier name. b)
Constructors don't have any return type. A member function can have a return
type. c)
Constructors
are used to Initializing an Object. Member functions are used to
access/modify the data. d)
Constructor Constructing an Object. Member function not Constructing an object. e)
The constructor will call automatically
whenever an object gets created Member function will invoke
Explicitly. f)
In
its lifetime of an object, the constructor will execute only one time. The member function will execute n
number of times to that object. g)
Addresses of the constructor cannot be
referred. Member function Address can be referred. h)
Member wise Initialization possible only
through the constructor. Member wise Initialization not possible by
member function. i)
A constructor cannot be virtual. A member function can be virtual. j)
Constructors cannot be Inherited. Member functions can be Inherited. k)
Friend Constructor not possible. A member function can be a friend. |
9)Difference between Constructor and Destructor?
|
a)
The constructor is having the same name as the class name. Destructor is also having the same
name as a class name but prefix with Tild (~) symbol. b)
Constructor Constructing an Object. Destructor Destroying an Object. c)
Constructor Can Be Overloaded. Destructor Cannot Be Overloaded. d)
The constructor can have the arguments, Destructors cannot have arguments. e)
A constructor cannot be Virtual. Destructors can be Virtual. |
10)Difference between Shallow Copy and Deep Copy?
|
Shallow Copy
a)
Copy one object data to another object with the help
of compiler provided copy constructor
(or) Assignment overloaded operator is
called a shallow copy.
b)
Shallow copy is also called as Member wise copy
c)
In shallow copy, both objects are pointing to the
same memory
location.
d)
In shallow copy, if one object is modified. It will
Be affected by another object automatically.
e)
A shallow copy will not
support an object
which contains a
dynamically allocated pointer. Deep Copy
a)
Copy one object data to another object with the
Help of a user-provided copy constructor (or)
Assignment overloaded operator is called a Deep copy
b)
A deep copy will
support an object which contains
a
dynamically allocated pointer.
c)
In a deep copy, both objects are pointing to different memory locations.
d)
In a deep copy, if one object is modified it will not
affect
another object. |
11)What is Data Abstraction(Data Hiding) and give a Real-life Example?
|
a)
Data abstraction can be used to provide security for data from unauthorized methods. b)
It refers to the act of representing essential features and hiding the background details. Ex: -1) ATM machine 2)Facebook 3)A man driving a car |
12)What is Inheritance(ReUsability,Extensibility) and its Types? Explain with Example?
|
a)
Inheritance is a
mechanism in which one class acquires
the
property of another class(or)Inheritance is the process of
acquiring the properties of one class into another class.
In this process, new classes are created called
"DERIVED CLASSES" and the existing classes are
known as "BASE
CLASS". b)
For example, a
child inherits the traits of his/her parents.
With inheritance, we
can reuse the fields and methods of
the existing class. Hence,
inheritance facilitates Reusability
is
an important concept of OOPS (Banking Application). Types 1)Single Inheritance (Derivation of a
class from only one base class) 2)Multilevel Inheritance (Derivation of a class
from another derived class) 3)Multiple Inheritance (Derivation of a class from
several base classes) 4)Hybrid Inheritance (Derivation of a class involving
more than one form of inheritance) 5)Hierarchical Inheritance (Derivation of several
classes from a single base class) 6)Multipath Inheritance/Diamond Inheritance (Derivation
of a class from derived classes which are
derived from the same base class) |
13)How is Encapsulation(Data Security) implemented and an Example?
|
a) Encapsulation is a mechanism that binds
together code and data
into a single unit called class, and that keeps both safe
from outside Interference and Misuse. b) Wrapping of data and function into a single
unit is
called Encapsulation. c)The procedure to bind the data and functions
as a single unit
is called Encapsulation. Ex: - 1) Capsule which is mixed with several
medicines.
2)Any C++ program where you can implement a class
with a public and private member is an
example of encapsulation. |
14)What is Polymorphism(Flexibility) and Give an Example?
|
a) A Single
entity can exist in more than one form. b) In C++,
Polymorphism is divided into two types i)Compile Time
Polymorphism a) Function Overloading b) Operator Overloading ii)Run Time
Polymorphism a)
Virtual Functions. Ex: -You have a smartphone for
communication. The communication mode you choose
could be anything. It can be a call, a text
message, a picture message, mail, etc., So,
the goal is common that is Communication, but
there approach is different. |
15)What is a Class and Object in C++? Explain by taking an Example?
|
a)
1) Class is an advanced
version of the structure.
2) Class is a collection of data members and Member functions.
Data is a member of a class is called Data Member.
The function is a member of a class is called
Member function.
b)
1) Object is a variable of a class.
2) The object is an
instance of a class.
3)The object is the
Physical Existence of a Class.
4)The object is a real-world Entity
of a Class.
5) Any real-world entity
which can have some
characteristics of which can perform some tasks are
called an Object.
c)
A C++ Class is like a blueprint for an object.
d)
An example is the Class of cars
e)
In the above example of
class Car, the data member
will be speed limit, mileage,
etc and member functions
can apply brakes, increase
speed, etc.
f)
When a class is
defined, no memory is allocated but
when it is instantiated (i.e.
an object is created)
memory is allocated. |
16)What are the Situations Where Copy Constructors are used?
|
a) When an object of the class is returned by value. b) When an object of the class is passed by value as an argument. c) When an object is Constructed based on another object of the same class. d) When a
Compiler generates a temporary object. |
17)What is Constructor?
|
A Constructor
is a special member function of a class which is
invoked automatically when an object of the same class is
created, the object gets automatically Initialized by
the Constructor. |
18)What are the Characteristics of Constructor?
|
a)
A Constructor has the same name as the class to which it belongs. b) It does not have a return type, not even void. c) It must be declared in the public section if the objects are getting created outside class. d) Every Object of the Class Containing a
Constructor is Initialized. e) The address of the Constructor cannot be referred. f) A Constructor Can have the Default
Arguments. g) Constructors Can Be Overloaded. h) Constructors Cannot Be Inherited although a derived class can call the base class constructor. i) A
Constructor Cannot be Virtual. |
19)In a lifetime of an object,How many times a constructor is executed to that object?
|
Only One Time,
When Object is Created. |
20)Is Constructor is Constructing an Object?
|
Yes,
Constructor Constructing an Object. a)
The Object Will Create Successfully when the Memory Allocation and Memory
Initialization is done properly. b) Memory
Allocation is done by OS. c) Memory Initialization is done by
Constructor. d)
Without Constructor Execution Object Won't be created. e)
A constructor is executing
before an object Creation. f)
If Constructor execution fails, then the object will not be created. |
|
a) A Constructor
that does not accept any Parameter is called Default Constructor. b) When a
Constructor is not explicitly declared in a class, a default Constructor is added and is
invoked during object initialization by the Compiler. |
22)What is Parameterized Constructor?
|
A Constructor with one (or) more arguments
is known as Parameterized Constructor. |
23)What is Copy Constructor ?
|
a)
A Copy Constructor is a Special Case of Constructors, Used
to make a Copy of One Class objects and initialize it by using another object of the same
class type. b)
A Copy Constructor that takes a single argument which is
a reference to another object of the same type. |
24)Why Constructors do not have a return type and can have Parameters?
|
Constructors
are called when an object is created. And there can never exist a
Situation where we want to return a value at the time of the creation
of an object. But there are Situations when the data member of
different objects must be Initialized with different values at the time of creation. So, C++ allows,
passing of Parameters to the
Constructor. |
|
A destructor
is a special member function of a class which is
invoked automatically to
destroy the object when the scope of
the object is completed. |
|
a) A destructor
will not return any value and does not accept arguments and therefore it Cannot Be
Overloaded. b) A destructor
cannot be declared as Static, Const (or) Volatile. c)A destructor
should be declared in Public Section. d)A destructor
must use a delete expression to deallocate the memory if the constructor in the
program uses the new expression for allocating the memory. e) A destructor
is called in the reverse order of its Constructor
Invocation. |
27)Why Copy Constructor Collecting the Arguments With Reference Type Only?
|
If a Copy Constructor accepting the syntax
to collect the arguments with non-reference type then
separate memory will be created for that object and the copy
constructor will get a recursive
call which leads to segmentation fault during run time. To
avoid this problem, the Compiler itself is restricted not to take the argument as a non-reference. |
28)What is Constant Member Function?
|
A
constant Member function is a function where the data
members are constant.
|
|
Mutable is a
keyword it is used to remove the Constantness from the Particular Data Member. |
30)What is Operator Overloading?
|
The Facility of giving
a Special Meaning to an Operator without Changing the existing meaning is referred to as Operator
Overloading. An Operator can
be Overloaded by Creating a Special Function
is called the Operator function, which describes the task. Operator Overloading is a Compile Time
Polymorphism in which the operator is
Overloaded to provide the special meaning to the user-defined datatype.
|
31)What are the Operators that can be Overloaded by Member functions?
|
a) = (Assignment) b)( ) (Function Call) c) [] (SubScripting) d) --> (Arrow) |
|
a) << (Insertion) b) >> (Extraction) |
33)What are the Operators that can't be Overloaded?
|
a) . (dot) member selection Operator b) .* (member pointer selection
Operator)
c) size of ( ) d) :: (Scope Resolution Operator) e) ? :( Ternary Operator) |
|
Note:
It is to be noted that
if an operator function used to overload
a binary operator is a
member function of a class, then the
operator function expects one argument. But, if an Operator
function is a friend to
a particular class, then it expects two
arguments. |
34)What is Virtual Base Class?
|
a) Virtual base
classes are used to avoid duplication of data. b) When the
class Parent is made a virtual base class, care is taken by the compiler to see that only one
copy of the base class parent is
inherited. |
35)What is Function Overriding?
|
Designing the
same function in the base class as well as in
derived class with the same signature is called Function
Overriding. |
36)What is Virtual Destructor?
|
Virtual Destructor is a Destructor that is defined in a base class that makes a
proper order of calls of destructor from the derived class to
base class when the base class pointer points to the derived class dynamic object. Virtual destructor ensures that the object resources are released in the reverse order of the object
being constructed to the inherited object. |
37)What is the role of protected access specifier?
|
a) If a class member is
protected then it is accessible in the inherited
class. b) However, outside
both the private and protected members are not accessible.. |
38)Explain the purpose of the keyword volatile?
|
a) Declaring a variable volatile directs the
compiler that the variable can
be changed externally. b) Hence avoiding
compiler optimization on the variable reference. |
39)What is a pure virtual function ?
|
A Virtual Function that is declared but not defined in a base
class is
referred to as a pure virtual function (or) A virtual function
with no
function body and assigned with a value zero is called a pure
virtual
function.
|
40)What is an Abstract Class?
|
a) A class with at least one pure virtual function is called an abstract class. b) We cannot instantiate an abstract class. c)An abstract class is a reference class to the derived class. |
41)What is a Reference Variable?
|
A Reference Variable is an alias name for the existing
variable which means both the variable
name and reference variable point to the same memory location. Therefore,
updating on the original variable can be
achieved using the reference variable too. |
42)What is the role of the static keyword on the class member variable?
|
a) It is like a global
variable for its class, it is available to all objects of that class. b) The
default value of static data members is zero. c)
The static member variable shares a common memory across all the objects created for the
respective class. d) A static member variable can be referred to
using the class
name itself. |
43)What is Function Overloading?
|
Defining Multiple functions with the same name is called function overloading.
These functions must differ in their number, order (or) type
of arguments. |
44)Explain pointer-this?
|
a) C++ Provides a unique pointer called this pointer. The pointer called this
point to the objects itself. whenever a member function is
called, this pointer is automatically passed to the member
function as an implicit, in-built argument. b) This is the pointer variable of the compiler which always holds the currently
active object's class |
45)What is the Namespace?
|
The namespace is a declarative region used to localize global identifiers names to
avoid name collisions. |
46)Explain Name Mangling?
|
Name Mangling is the process used by c++ compilers, that changes names to every
function by adding additional information based on
the function name and its arguments.
Generally, programs have at least a few functions with the same name. Thus name mangling can be considered an important aspect in c++. |
47)Explain Exception Handling?
|
a)
Exceptions, which occurs at run time due to unusual conditions.
b) To handle such an exception, the Exception Handling
This mechanism is used.
c)This Mechanism uses three keywords.
1)Try
2)Throw
3)Catch
d)A try block will throw an exception using the throw
keyword.
e) The catch block will handle the exception condition
which
is sent by throw.
|
48)How can we catch all kind of exceptions in a single catch block?
|
It is used to
handle all types of exceptions.
|
49)What are the advantages of exception handling?
|
a) Remove
error-handling code from the software's main line of code. b) A Method
writer can choose to handle certain exceptions and delegate others to the caller. c)An exception
that occurs in a function can be handled anywhere in the
function call stack |
50)What should be put in a try block?
|
a) Statements that might cause exceptions. b)Statements should be
skipped in case of an exception. |
51)What are the goals of an exception?
|
a) Detect the problem. b) Warn that an error has come. c)Accept the error message. d)Perform accurate action without troubling the user. |
|
a) Templates
are the features of the programming languages that allow functions and classes to
operate with generic types. b) This allows
a function (or) class to work on many different data types without being rewritten for each
one. c) To overcome the disadvantages of function overloading. |
53)When should we use the Initializer list in a constructor ?
|
a) There is a reference variable in a class. b) There is a constant variable in a class. c)There is an object of another class and the other class doesn't have a default constructor. |
54)What are the default standard streams in c++?
|
a) cin b)court c)cerr
d)clog |
55)What are Default Arguments?
|
A Default Argument is a function parameter that has a default value provided to it. If the user doesn't supply a value for this parameter, the default value will be used. If the user does supply a value for the default parameter, the user-supplied value is provided. |
56)What are the rules for Default Arguments?
|
a) A function can
have multiple default parameters. b) All default
parameters must be the rightmost parameters. c)Default
Parameters must be given only in the function prototype and must not be repeated in the
function definition. |
57)What are the advantages of Default Arguments?
|
a) They provide greater flexibility. b) Default arguments can be used to add new parameters to the existing functions. c)They can also be used to combine similar functions into one. |
58)Difference between C structure and C++ structure?
|
a) C Structure having only data members. C++ Structure having data members and member functions. b) The size of empty the structure is zero bytes in C. Size of an empty structure is one byte in
C++. c)Access
Specifiers are not available to protect the data. Access Specifiers are available to protect the data. d)Encapsulation
not possible. Encapsulation is possible. |
|
Note:
a) A static member function
can access static members
and can't
access Non-Static members
b) A non-static member
function can access static members
and can access
Non-Static members. |
59)Why '=' operator can't be overloaded with friend function?
|
When we don't define the member function for '=' operator,
then the compiler will supply
the default assignment operator overloaded function, and if we
define the friend function then it becomes ambiguity for the compiler. |
60)Write the syntax for post-increment and pre-increment using member function
|
Post
Increment :
Member
Function :
return type class name : : operator ++ (int);
Friend
Function :
friend return _type operator ++ (arg,int);
Pre Increment :
Member
Function :
return type class_name : : operator ++ ( );
Friend
Function :
friend return_type operator ++ (arg);
|
61)Why [ ],( ),-> operators can't be overloaded by friend function ?
|
Overloading
these operators are having limitations to the language design
to maintain data security. |
62)Why cout and cin are being passed as reference objects while overloading insertion
and extraction operator?|
As the copy
constructor and overloaded assignment operator in the classes
'ostream' and 'istream' is declared in the protected section, their objects cout, and cin are
passed as references. |
63)Why Constructors and Destructors will not be Inherited to Derived Class ?
|
The scope of
constructors and Destructors belong to the same class to initialize and deintialize the data
members of the same class. |
64)Define Binding?
|
Binding refers to the process which is used
to convert identifiers into machine level language
addresses. |
65)What is Compile Time Binding?
|
a)
The event that occurs at compile time is nothing but compile time binding. b) Compile Time Binding is also called
static binding (or) early binding. |
66)What is Run Time Binding?
|
a) The event
that occurs at run time is nothing but run time-binding. b) Run Time
Binding is also called as Dynamic binding (or) Late Binding. |
67)Explain Virtual Table?
|
a) To implement
virtual functions, C++ uses a special form of late binding known as the virtual
table created in compile time. b) The virtual
table is a lookup table of addresses of only the virtual functions in the corresponding
class to resolve the functions with the proper function
calls. |
68)What is the command for how the compiler conversion code is working?
|
C++ filename -fdump-tree-gimple |
69)Difference between delete and delete[] ?
|
a) delete is used
to release memory which was allocated using new. b) delete [] is
used to release the memory allocated to an array which was allocated using new[]. |
70)What is Function Template and Write the syntax for it?
|
Function
Templates are special functions that can operate with generic
types. This allows us to create a function template whose
functionality can be adapted to more than one type
(or) a class without repeating the entire code for each
type.
|
|
A Class
Template provides a specification for generating classes based
on parameters.
|
72)What are the advantages of Templates ?
|
a) Reduced Source Code. b) Less disk space is needed to store the
source files. c)Easy to debug the program. d)Good Documentability. |
73)What is the Standard Template Library?
|
a) It is a library of container classes,
algorithms, and iterators. b) STL is a set of template classes used to
provide common programming data structures and functions such as lists, arrays, stacks. |
74)What are the components of STL?
|
a)Containers |
75)Why Virtual Constructor not Possible?
|
a) Without
constructor execution, the object won't be created. b) without object creation, virtual functions can't access. c)virtual functions cannot access without an object. d)object will not be created without constructor execution. e) If we made both properties as single. Because of AMBIGUITY, it fails to create an object. If the object is not created, further operations not possible.so, Virtual
Constructor not possible. |
76)What is Multithreading in c++?
|
a) A program
can execute multiple instructions at the same time. b) A Mechanism
by which a single set of code can be used by several threads at different stages of
execution. c)The ability
to execute different parts of a program simultaneously. d)A
multi-threaded program contains two (or) more parts that can run concurrently. Each part of such a
program is called a thread, and
each thread defines a separate path of execution. |
77)What is Multi-Tasking?
|
a)
It is the concept of performing multiple tasks (or) processes over a certain period of time by executing them concurrently. b) It does not automatically imply
multi-threading. c) On a single processor system,
multitasking is implemented by time slicing and the CPU
switches between different tasks. |
78)What are the types of Multitasking?
|
In general,
there two types of multitasking a) process-based b) thread-based process-based
multitasking handles the concurrent execution of programs. thread-based
multitasking deals with the concurrent execution of pieces of the same
program. |
79)Give an application of Multi-Threading?
|
A simple
example could be a word document in which spell check response to
keyboard, formatting, etc happens at the same time (or)
concurrently. |
80)What is a Container in STL ?
|
Containers are
objects that store data, define the names in which data will be stored and are
implemented using templates. |
81)What are the types of Containers in C++?
|
1)Sequence
Container
It
implements data structures which can be accessed sequentially.
a) array: static contiguous array
b) Vector: dynamic contiguous array
c)deque: Double-ended queue
d)list: Doubly Linked List
e) forward list: Single Linked List
2)Associative Container
It implements a sorted data structure that can be
quickly searched.
a)
Set: Collection of
unique keys
b) Map: Collection of Key-value pairs, sorted by
keys,
keys are unique
c)Multiset: Collection of keys, sorted by keys
d)MultiMap: Collection of key-value pairs sorted by
keys.
3)Unordered
Associative Container
1)Unordered Set
2)Unordered Multi Set
3)Unordered Map
4)Unordered MultiMap |
82)What are container adaptors?
|
It provides a different interface for the
sequential container. a) stack: It adapts a container to provide a
stack b) queue: It adapts a container to provide a
queue. c)priority
queue: It adapts a container to provide a priority queue. |
83) What is meant by Iterator?
|
a) Data stored in containers are accessed by Iterators. b) It is used to point at the memory addresses of STL containers. c)They are
primarily used in sequence of numbers, characters. d)They reduce the complexity and execution time of the program. |
84)What is meant by an algorithm?
|
a) the algorithm works on Iterators. b) Algorithms
are components that perform algorithmic operations on
containers and other sequences. |
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